Tobacco Product Use (Smoking, Shisha and Electronic Cigarettes) as Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Nigeria: A Systematic Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30442/Keywords:
Breast Cancer, Carcinogens, E-cigs, Shisha, Tobacco, Tobacco Control ProgramAbstract
Background: The use of tobacco products, including cigarettes, Shisha, and electronic cigarettes (e-cigs), contributes to breast cancer risk due to the presence of carcinogenic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), formaldehyde, benzene, and nitrosamines. While the health risks of conventional smoking are well-documented, emerging evidence highlights similar risks associated with Shisha and e-cigs, especially among younger populations.
Objectives: To explore the association between tobacco product use and breast cancer in Nigeria. It also examines exposure trends and suggests culturally appropriate measures to address modifiable risk factors.
Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted using databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, and African Journals Online. Studies published between January 2000 and December 2024 were analysed, with a focus on the Nigerian context. Relevant data from global and local studies, government reports, and surveys were incorporated.
Results: Tobacco smoke contains numerous carcinogens, with PAHs, N-Nitrosamines, Aromatic amines, Aldehydes, Phenols, Volatile hydrocarbons, and formaldehyde strongly linked to breast cancer. Shisha exposes users to toxins equivalent to smoking approximately 100 cigarettes in a single session, while e-cig aerosols contain harmful substances such as glycols, formaldehyde, and heavy metals. The popularity of these products is increasing among Nigerian youths, driven by cultural shifts and media influences.
Conclusions: The consumption of cigarettes, Shisha, and e-cigs poses significant breast cancer risks. Effective tobacco control measures must extend beyond traditional products to include Shisha and e-cigs. Awareness campaigns, stringent regulations, and culturally informed interventions are essential to curb usage and mitigate associated health risks.
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