Annals of Health Research (The Journal of the Medical and Dental Consultants Association of Nigeria, OOUTH, Sagamu, Nigeria)
A peer-reviewed open access journal of medical sciences to disseminate research works and ideas in the fields of clinical and laboratory medicine and public health with the ultimate goals of enhancing knowledge, improving practice and encouraging practice-centred research. It is indexed by SCOPUS, African Index Medicus and the African Journals Online. It is also registered with the Crossref, Committee for Publication Ethics (COPE) and the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). This journal is published under the Creative Commons License Attribution Non-Commercial CC-BY NC. This license lets others remix, tweak and build upon our works non-commercially and although, their new works must also acknowledge us and be non-commercial, they do not have to license their derivative works on the same terms.
Medical and Dental Consultants' Association of Nigeria, OOU Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Nigeria
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Abuse and Its Relationship with Quality of Life Among the Elderly in a Nigerian Community Setting
Background: Elder abuse, encompassing physical, emotional, financial, and neglectful acts, is a growing global public health concern with profound implications for older adults' well-being. Its prevalence is rising, particularly in community settings. Despite its impact, research on elder abuse and its consequences remains limited in Africa, highlighting the need for more focused investigation and culturally relevant interventions. Objective: To determine the prevalence and types of abuse among community-living elderly in Ogun East Senatorial District and examine the relationship between abuse and Quality of Life (QoL) in the elderly. Methods: The study employed a cross-sectional design involving 402 elderly participants, using a structured questionnaire and the WHOQOL-AGE tool to evaluate QoL (scores range from 13 to 65, with values <39 indicating poor QoL and >40 indicating good QoL). Results: Nearly all respondents (96.8%) experienced at least one type of abuse, with financial/material (61.4%) abuse being the most common. Always verbal abuse (p = 0.037) and often physical abuse (p = 0.012) showed strong associations with poor QoL. About two-thirds (62.2%) of participants had poor QoL. Conclusion: This study revealed that abuse was highly prevalent among the elderly in the setting that was studied, especially financial abuse, which was significantly linked to poor quality of life. This highlights the need for targeted interventions such as integration of routine screening for elder abuse into healthcare and community services to ensure early detection and timely intervention. Legal frameworks and enforcement mechanisms should also be strengthened to deter perpetrators and safeguard the rights of the elderly.
Community-dwelling elderly, Elder abuse, Nigeria, Quality of life, Self-esteem, Verbal abuse
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Patients’ Satisfaction with the Quality of Medical Laboratory Services in a Nigerian Private Tertiary Health Facility
Background: Hospital laboratory services are indispensable for disease detection, diagnostic confirmation, and therapeutic decision-making. Lack of national policy and strategy, poor access to laboratory services, unhygienic laboratory environment, long waiting time, poor patient-provider communication, non-availability of requested tests, poor attitude of laboratory staff, and lack of properly designed laboratories are factors that affect patients' satisfaction with laboratory services. There is limited data on patients' satisfaction with medical laboratory services in Ogun State and Nigeria at large. Objective: To assess patients’ satisfaction with the quality of medical laboratory services and associated factors in a private tertiary health facility in Ogun State, Nigerian. Methods: The study was carried out at Babcock University Teaching Hospital in Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria. The study was descriptive and cross-sectional in design. The study population was adult patients accessing medical services at the Babcock University Teaching Hospital laboratory. Patients' satisfaction with medical laboratory services was assessed using the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ-18). Results: The highest mean satisfaction score was recorded for technical quality (4.07 ± 0.46), followed by overall satisfaction (3.99 ± 0.40), while the lowest mean scores were observed for both communication (3.69 ± 0.83) and accessibility of care (3.69 ± 0.44), respectively. General satisfaction was significantly associated with waiting time (p<0.01) and cost of laboratory services (p = 0.046), while satisfaction with finance was significantly associated with age (p = 0.021), education (p = 0.04), occupation (p = 0.005), and cost of laboratory services (p = 0.022). Conclusion: Hospital management should make efforts to improve the accessibility of laboratory services and the communication skills of laboratory staff.
Client satisfaction, Health System Research, Hospital Waiting Time, Laboratory services, Quality of Care
Editorial: Ending nuclear weapons, before they end us
The Effect of Thymoquinone on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal- Gonadal Axis in Metronidazole-Induced Infertility in Adult Male Wistar Rats
Background: Hypothalamus centrally modulates fertility by controlling the reproductive hormonal axis. Objectives: To investigate the effect of thymoquinone on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in metronidazole-induced infertility in adult male Wistar rats. Methods: Forty-nine male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups: group A (Control), Group B (Metronidazole only), Group C (Metronidazole + Thymoquinone low dose), Group D (Metronidazole + Thymoquinone high dose), Group E (Metronidazole + Recovery), Group F (Metronidazole + Thymoquinone low dose + Recovery), and Group G (Metronidazole + Thymoquinone high dose + Recovery). Experimental animals received 500 mg/kg of metronidazole, 200 mg/kg of thymoquinone, and 400 mg/kg of thymoquinone. Hormonal levels (GnRH, FSH, LH, testosterone) and sperm parameters were assessed after specific treatment durations using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and standard sperm analysis techniques. Results: Metronidazole significantly decreased reproductive hormones: GnRH (71.11 ± 0.78 pg/mL), FSH (24.12 ± 0.60 mIU/mL), LH (4.87 ± 0.75 mIU/mL), and testosterone (2.13 ± 0.54 ng/mL) compared to controls (GnRH: 94.44 ± 0.19, FSH: 36.41 ± 1.90, LH: 14.93 ± 0.05, testosterone: 6.84 ± 0.13). Thymoquinone administration notably restored hormone levels: Group C (GnRH: 99.50 ± 0.29, FSH: 38.32 ± 0.90, LH: 35.97 ± 0.54, testosterone: 6.99 ± 0.53) and Group D (GnRH: 95.50 ± 0.17, FSH: 40.18 ± 0.63, LH: 31.43 ± 1.10, testosterone: 6.89 ± 0.42). Sperm parameters improved significantly in treated groups, with viability at 75.00 ± 0.04%, count at 205.00 ± 0.87 million/mL, motility at 77.00 ± 0.40%, and morphology at 80.00 ± 0.19%. Histological analysis revealed regeneration of testicular tissues. Conclusion: Thymoquinone effectively ameliorates metronidazole-induced infertility by restoring the HPG axis function, enhancing hormone levels, and improving sperm parameters.
Comparative Study of Modifiable Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer Among Female In-School Adolescents in Osun State
Background: Adolescents make up about one-fourth of Nigeria's population, and most are engaged in risky sexual activities that have serious health consequences later in life. Understanding the risk factors for the development of cervical cancer is essential for promoting health-related behaviours. Therefore, it is a public health priority as cervical cancer presents a significant public health challenge in Nigeria. Objectives: To assess and compare awareness and knowledge of modifiable risk factors (MRF) of cervical cancer among in-school female adolescents in secondary schools in both rural and urban areas of Osun State. Method: A comparative, cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 adolescents in rural and urban areas (200 per group) of Osun State, Nigeria, who were recruited using the multistage sampling technique. Quantitative data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: Most respondents from both rural and urban areas had not heard of human papillomavirus (77%), cervical cancer (67%), and MRF for cervical cancer (64.5%). However, awareness of these topics was slightly higher among urban dwellers compared to rural dwellers. Additionally, most respondents from both metropolitan areas (114, 57.0%) and rural areas (132, 66.0%) had poor knowledge, with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.04). Conclusion: This study revealed that residence in rural and urban locations significantly influenced awareness and knowledge about the human papillomavirus, cervical cancer, and related MRF. Culturally appropriate communication programs and targeted educational interventions for cervical cancer are therefore recommended.
Adolescence, Cervical cancer, Secondary school, Human Papillomavirus, Risky behaviour
Pattern and Determinants of Utilisation of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Among Pregnant Primary Healthcare Centre Attendees in Sagamu, Nigeria
Background: Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) remains a popular choice among pregnant women in many communities despite the widespread practice of conventional orthodox medicine. Objective: To assess the patterns and determinants of complementary and alternative medicine usage among pregnant women in selected primary healthcare centres in Sagamu, Nigeria. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional design was employed, utilising an interviewer-administered questionnaire to collect data from 130 pregnant women from two primary healthcare centres. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 27.6±5.6 years. All the respondents (100.0%) utilised CAM therapies for their health and foetal development. Common CAM practices included natural supplements (88.5%), prayers (86.2%), and herbal medicine (83.8%). Cultural and religious beliefs (50%), affordability (50%), spiritual protection (53.8%), and accessibility (57.7%) were identified as the key determinants of CAM usage. There was a positive association between these determinants (affordability, accessibility, positive effect in previous pregnancies, and advice from family and friends) and CAM usage (t-value >1.96). Conclusion: The findings highlight the widespread use of CAM among pregnant women in Sagamu despite the availability of conventional orthodox healthcare. To ensure safe and effective maternal and child health practices, interventions are needed to address the determinants which encourage the use of CAM in pregnancy.
Antenatal Clinic, Alternative medicine, Complementary medicine, Primary healthcare
Determinants of Anaemia in Pregnancy in Indonesia: A Systematic Review
Background: Anaemia is a significant global health issue impacting pregnant women, potentially leading to adverse birth outcomes. To mitigate maternal and infant mortality complications, it is crucial to investigate the determinants contributing to maternal anaemia systematically. Objectives: To identify the primary determinants of maternal anaemia in Indonesia. Methods: A systematic review was conducted to examine the determinants of maternal anaemia in Indonesia, focusing on articles published between 01 January 2014 and 31 December 2023. Research databases, including Medline/PubMed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, and additional manual searches, were used. Articles were selected using MeSH terms and relevant keywords, targeting a population of pregnant women within analytical observational studies. Results: A total of 22 articles met the inclusion criteria. Bivariate and/or multivariate analyses identified 29 statistically significant variables (p < 0.05) associated with maternal anaemia. There were five major determinants significantly related to maternal anaemia in Indonesia. Conclusion: The educational level of pregnant women, Body mass index (BMI) or nutritional status of pregnant women, parity, chronic energy deficiency (CED) status, and maternal age were the main determinants of maternal anaemia in Indonesia.
Anaemia, BMI, Maternal age, Nutritional status, Pregnancy, Systematic review
Perception and Awareness of the Scourge of Glaucoma in Southwest Nigeria
Background: Glaucoma is a major public health problem, responsible for 8% of global blindness and the commonest cause of irreversible blindness. Increasing public knowledge of glaucoma would help reduce late diagnosis and blindness. Objective: To assess public understanding of glaucoma and its consequences. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive survey using an electronic semi-structured questionnaire was conducted in two states of Southwest Nigeria. Results: Four hundred and twenty-three [423] respondents participated in this study. The age range was 18-66 years, with a mean age of 38.7±9.6 years, and 46.1% of the participants were males. Out of the respondents, 360 (85.1%) had heard of glaucoma before the survey, but only 231 (54.6%) could provide accurate definitions of it. One hundred and forty-three (33.8%) knew that glaucoma can cause blindness, whereas only 32 (22.4%) knew that it can result in irreversible blindness. General healthcare workers (22%), social media, television, radio, and internet (19.9%), family members (17%), and eye care workers (14.8%) were identified as the primary sources of glaucoma awareness. Conclusion: This study revealed a limited understanding of glaucoma, despite high awareness. It emphasises the need for eye care workers to provide targeted public education on the condition.
Awareness, Blindness, Glaucoma, Nigeria, Optic nerve, Visual impairment
Perceived Roles of Spouse Involvement and Maternal Gravidity in Enhancing Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness in Selected Communities of Lagos State, Nigeria
Background: Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness (BPCR) involves proactive planning for childbirth, including transportation, skilled attendance, financial savings, and identifying blood donors. In low-resource settings like Nigeria, husbands’ involvement is essential as they often influence healthcare decisions. Additionally, maternal gravidity affects preparedness; multigravida women are generally more experienced, while primigravidae may be less informed. Understanding the combined effects of spousal involvement and gravidity is critical for improving maternal outcomes. Objective: To assess pregnant women's perceptions of spouse's involvement and the influence of gravidity on BPCR in Ijanikin and Oto-Awori communities, Lagos State, Nigeria Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was adopted. Using multi-stage sampling, 216 pregnant women were recruited. Data were collected using a validated self-structured questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha = 0.891 for demographics and 0.794 for BPCR-related items) and analysed using SPSS v21. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation were applied at a 0.05 significance level. Results: Among respondents, 65.3% reported spousal support for skilled delivery; 69.9% indicated no financial planning by husbands. While 62.0% stated their husbands recognised danger signs, 64.8% had transport plans. Most participants (63.9%) were multigravida and demonstrated better BPCR awareness. A significant positive correlation existed between spouse involvement and BPCR (r = .153, p = .025), and a negative correlation between low gravidity and BPCR (r = -.148, p = .030). Conclusion: Spousal involvement and maternal gravidity significantly affect BPCR. Strengthening male participation and enhancing education for primigravida women may improve maternal health outcomes in similar low-resource contexts.
Birth preparedness, Complication readiness, Maternal mortality, Obstetric emergencies, Spousal involvement
Improving the Care Outcomes of Traumatic Enucleation with Ocular Prosthetics: A Case Report
Traumatic enucleation is a rare consequence of high-impact trauma. It is a severe injury leading to permanent loss of vision. One of the most common causes of traumatic globe enucleation is automobile accidents. This damage may severely affect the patient's physical and mental health. Apart from the permanent loss of vision in the affected eye with traumatic enucleation, some complications, including pseudoptosis, orbital infection, haemorrhages, and scarring can occur. Psychological problems like stigma, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder may also complicate traumatic enucleation. Following enucleation, the use of prosthetics may minimize the psychological implications of the structural loss. This case report aims to highlight the potential occurrence of traumatic enucleation following road traffic accidents, as well as the management of such cases, including the use of eye implants.
Artificial Eye Implant, Ocular Injury, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Road Traffic Accident, Traumatic Enucleation
An Audit of Turnaround Time in Histopathology: A Comparative Study of Two Years in a Teaching Health Facility
Background: Pathology laboratory turnaround time (TAT) is an important quality indicator of laboratory performance. Delay in the issuance of reports contributes to prolonged patients' treatment-waiting time, decreases satisfaction, and increases patient morbidity and the cost of treatment. Aim: To evaluate the TAT in the Histopathology Unit of the Department of Morbid Anatomy and Histopathology of a Nigerian teaching hospital and compare the findings with those of similar studies elsewhere. Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive study of all the consecutive surgical samples received in the Department of Morbid Anatomy and Histopathology of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Nigeria, in the years 2016 and 2021. In determining the TAT, specimen handling as a process was divided into four stages: grossing time, tissue processing time, reporting time, and transcription time. Results: The mean TAT for 2016 and 2021 were 15.23±10.05 days and 18.10±9.61 days, respectively. In 2016 and 2021, respectively, 57.0% and 43.6% of cases were grossed, processed with slides reported, and results typed, corrected, and signed within 14 days. There was no significant linear relationship between TAT for 2016 and 2021(r = 0.018 and p = 0.685). Conclusion: The tasks of grossing specimens, reporting slides and verification of results were major contributors to TAT, with tissue processing also playing a significant role. These findings underscore the importance of proper funding and implementation of a quality management system to optimise workflow in histopathology.
Audit, Grossing, Laboratory specimen, Laboratory reporting, Tissue processing, Transcription, Turnaround Time
Evaluation of Some Thrombogenic Parameters Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Sagamu, Nigeria
Background: Metabolic dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is related to defective glucose metabolism, deficient synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides, and compensatory switch to the use of protein and fat in search of alternative metabolic fuel. Complications arising from this metabolic disorder include angiopathy, among others. Objective: To examine the pattern of some thrombogenic parameters in Type 2 Diabetes mellitus. Method: A comparative, cross-sectional study of non-obese, obese Type 2 diabetic patients as the test population and a subset of healthy, non-diabetic individuals as controls. Anthropometric parameters were measured, and body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and percentage body fat (%BF) were computed for tests and controls. Fasting serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and interleukine-6 (IL-6) were measured, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was calculated for all participants. Result: A total of 150 participants, with an age range of 41-60 years. Significantly higher values of (p<0.001) weight, BMI, WC, HC, %BF, WHR, serum glucose, HbA1c, leptin, triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL, hs-CRP and IL-6 levels were observed. A significantly lesser value of serum A1AT, adiponectin, and HDL levels amongst the people with diabetes when compared to the control subjects (p<0.001), more in obese individuals with diabetes (p<0.001). Conclusion: It is evident from this study that T2DM is associated with dyslipidaemia and increased serum levels of inflammatory and thrombosis markers, suggesting that risk factors of thrombotic events exist in Type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients.
α1-Antitrypsin, Adiponectin, Inflammatory markers, Thrombosis, Type 2 Diabetes mellitus
Prevalence and Sociodemographic Predictors of Occupational Stress Among Healthcare Workers at the Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, Nigeria
Background: The prevalence of stress is generally high, affecting a significant number of healthcare professionals. Minimal work-related stress is required for effective healthcare services in a hospital setting. Objective: To determine the prevalence and sociodemographic predictors of stress among healthcare workers in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, Nigeria. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional research design was used to select a sample of healthcare professionals who met the inclusion criteria. A stratified random sampling technique was used to select samples of 260 doctors and nurses. Result: The finding showed a Stress prevalence rate of 66%, and the linear regression analysis revealed a statistically significant association between stress and age (P-value=0.007), profession (P-value= 0.005), and year of working experience (P-value= 0.029). However, no statistically significant association was found with gender (P-value=0.54). Conclusion: Prevalence of stress is high and is considered a threat to the health and well-being of humans in modern days. Based on the assessment, there is an association between age, profession, and years of working experience with stress. Healthcare professionals should have training opportunities on stress management at work. Health administrators should provide wellness programs for healthcare workers in order to reduce stress in the workplace.
Intra-Procedure Adverse Events and Cardiovascular Changes During Ear Syringing
Background: Ear syringing is a common and relatively safe procedure in ENT practice. Vertigo, vomiting, and discomfort have been reported, but no study has deliberately documented the changes in cardiovascular parameters. Objective: To assess the frequency of adverse events and changes in cardiovascular parameters during ear syringing. Methods: This was an observational study of consecutive participants aged ≥ 18 years who underwent ear syringing at the Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) Clinic of Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, between April and October 2023. Patients with a history of ear discharge or surgeries and those on cardiac pacemakers were excluded. Questionnaires were administered, and pre-and post-procedure vital signs were recorded. Results: Fifty-seven participants with a male-to-female ratio of 1.19:1 completed this study. Unilateral ear syringing was done in 37 (64.9%) patients. The changes between pre-procedure baseline body temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure and the post-procedure values of the same parameters were all significantly different but remained within clinically normal limits. The baseline pulse rate and SpO2 were not influenced by the presence of pre-existing hypertension and the laterality of syringing. There was no significantly elevated baseline respiratory rate in patients who had bilateral ear syringing compared to those with unilateral procedure. However, the changes between pre-procedure body temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure and post-procedure values were not influenced by the laterality of the procedure or pre-existing hypertension. Conclusion: Ear syringing may be associated with minimal changes in cardiovascular parameters, which are not clinically significant.
A Cross-Sectional Study of the Effect of Pregnancy on the Foot Arch Index of Women
Background: Pregnancy induces some changes in the musculoskeletal system. Few studies have investigated these changes, especially their effects on foot structures. Objective: To examine the effect of pregnancy on women's foot arch index and determine the relationship between the foot arch index (FAI), Body Mass Index, and the gestational age of pregnant women. Methods: A cross-sectional examination of a sample of 118 pregnant, 101 nulliparous, and 101 non-pregnant women (who had been previously pregnant) was conducted. Footprints were obtained using the Ink and Plain Paper method, and foot arch indices were obtained from their footprints. Results: The study revealed a statistically significant difference (p <0.001) in FAI between pregnant and non-pregnant women, with pregnant women exhibiting a higher average FAI. A positive linear correlation (r = 0.354, p < 0.001) was observed between BMI and FAI in pregnant women, indicating that higher BMI was associated with an increased FAI. Also, a statistically significant relationship between gestational age and FAI was observed among pregnant women (r = 0.231, p = 0.012). Altered FAI resulting from pregnancy persisted post-pregnancy. Age and weight were predictors of flat feet during pregnancy, whereas gestational age was not associated with the odds of flat feet. Conclusion: Pregnancy induces significant changes in the foot arch. These changes persist beyond the pregnancy period. It is essential to monitor and address foot arch alterations during and after pregnancy, thus emphasising the need for appropriate interventions to mitigate potential discomfort and functional limitations in pregnant women and beyond.
Biomechanics, Flat Foot, Foot Arch Index, Foot Health, Pregnancy
Academic Achievements of In-School Adolescents with Anxiety in Ilesa, Southwest, Nigeria
Background: Anxiety is one of the most common mental illnesses in adolescents that can interfere with cognition and performance. Objectives: To determine the relationship between anxiety and academic achievement among in-school adolescents. Methods: Three hundred and two adolescents aged 10-19 years were recruited from twelve secondary schools in Ilesa, Nigeria. The adolescents completed the Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) to screen them for anxiety. The continuous assessment (CA) grades were obtained for the 20222/2023 session from school records, and academic performance questionnaires were also used to evaluate their academic performance. Results: None of the 84 non-anxious adolescents achieved a score of 80-100% on the APQ, while approximately a quarter (25.25%) of the 218 anxious adolescents scored between 80-100%. All 84 anxious adolescents scored between 0% and 79%, while about three-quarters (74.8%) of the 218 adolescents without anxiety scored between 0% and 79%. The Academic achievement of the adolescents with anxiety was significantly different from those without anxiety (Χ2=61.972, p=0.001). None of the 84 adolescents with anxiety had good CA scores, while about a quarter (25.2%) of the 218 adolescents without anxiety had good CA scores. The CA score of adolescents with anxiety was statistically significantly different compared with non-anxious adolescents (Χ2=26.016, p=0.001). Conclusion: Secondary school adolescents with anxiety had poor academic achievement in the setting studied. Parents, school authorities, and the relevant government agencies should pay more attention to strategising and improving their performance in schools.
Academic achievements, Academic Performance Questionnaire, Adolescents, Anxiety, GAD-7.
Quality of Life and Mental Illnesses among the Elderly in Ogun East Senatorial District, Nigeria
Background: In Nigeria, about a quarter of the population is afflicted with mental illnesses, and 3.26% of this population is made up of old people aged 65 years and above. The economic burden affiliated with mental illness includes health care costs, decreased productivity, and diminishing health-related quality of life (QoL). However, there is a paucity of data on mental illness and its relation to the QoL experienced by the elderly. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of good and poor QoL and assess the relationship between mental illnesses and the QoL among the elderly in Ogun East Senatorial district. Methods: This study was a community-based, cross-sectional survey targeting elderly individuals. A total of 402 participants were selected through multistage sampling and interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. Results: The prevalence of mental illness among the respondents was 35.8%. Among the mental health conditions, generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) was the most common finding (15.4%), followed closely by current alcohol dependence (14.9%). One hundred and fifty-two (37.8%) of the elderly had good QoL. The mental illnesses found to be statistically significant in association with poor QoL were current major depressive episodes, recurrent major depressive episodes, and current psychotic disorders. Conclusion: This research highlights a significant prevalence of mental illness at 35.8% and poor quality of life at 37.8%. Additionally, major depressive episodes and psychotic disorders were notably linked to poor quality of life, emphasizing the need for targeted mental health interventions among the elderly emphasizing the need for targeted mental health interventions among the elderly.
Alcohol dependence, Anxiety, Depression, Elderly, Mental Illnesses, Quality of Life
Childhood Cataract in a Suburban Tertiary Institution in Southwest Nigeria
Background: Childhood cataracts, now replacing corneal diseases in Africa, including Nigeria, are a major cause of childhood blindness. Objectives: To describe the pattern of presentation of childhood cataracts at the Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital (OOUTH), a tertiary hospital in a suburban city in Southwest Nigeria Methods: In a retrospective study, the case notes of all patients aged under 18 years presenting to the Eye Clinic of OOUTH over five years were retrieved and analysed. Results: Of the 7311 paediatric eye cases seen during the study period, thirty-five (35) were childhood cataracts, giving a prevalence of 0.5%. Their mean age was 9.88±4.59years. The most common presenting complaint was poor vision, seen in 14 (40%) of participants. Traumatic cataracts accounted for 20 (57.1%), while only 11 (31.4%) took up treatment. Conclusion: Traumatic cataract is the most common childhood cataract presenting to our centre, and there is poor surgical uptake, with more than three-quarters lost to follow-up. Regular eye screening of children, intensive health education, and promotion of subsidised eye treatment for children by all tiers of government will go a long way in improving early detection and uptake of treatment.
Childhood blindness, Childhood cataract, Congenital cataract, Traumatic cataract
Spontaneous Papillary Muscle Rupture Coexisting with Chronic Mitral Regurgitation – A Case Report
Given the low prevalence of coronary artery disease in the young, spontaneous papillary muscle rupture is an uncommon cause of severe mitral regurgitation and emergency admission in this age group. Spontaneous papillary muscle rupture is usually associated with features of acute mitral regurgitation. We highlight an incidental finding of a ruptured papillary muscle in a young adult with features of chronic mitral regurgitation. A 20-year-old male presented with a history of worsening symptoms of heart failure. Examination showed features of congestion, such as bilateral pedal oedema and tender hepatomegaly. The precordial examination revealed a displaced apex beat, gallop rhythm, and an apical pansystolic murmur. Transthoracic echocardiography showed thickened mitral valve leaflets, diastolic doming of the anterior mitral valve, ruptured papillary muscle with anterior mitral valve prolapse, restrictive mitral inflow pattern, severe mitral regurgitation, mild tricuspid regurgitation, and dilated cardiac chambers. At surgery, dilated cardiac chambers, avulsed anterolateral papillary muscle, and a prolapsed anterior mitral valve leaflet were seen. He had mitral valve replacement with a 31/33 ON-X mechanical mitral valve and left atrial ligation. He has since been on follow-up care. This case highlights that in rare cases, rheumatic heart disease can present with spontaneous papillary muscle rupture on a background chronic mitral regurgitation.
Chronic Mitral regurgitation, Congestive Cardiac Failure, Rheumatic Heart Disease, Spontaneous Papillary Muscle Rupture, Valve replacement surgery
Effect of Increased Awareness of Breast Cancer on Mammography Uptake in a Suburban Tertiary Centre
Background: Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers in women, especially of reproductive age. Following a report of low community awareness of BC in 2019, the “Pink October Month Campaign” for BC awareness was introduced in Ogbomoso. Objectives: To assess the effect of increased awareness of breast cancer screening mammograms after the institution of the Pink October Campaign and compare with the years preceding the campaign. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using the screening mammography register of the Radiology Department, LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, from 2019 to 2023. Results: Two hundred and seventeen women presented for a screening mammogram over the two periods, with the age range of 40–80 years. There was more than a double increase in the number of women who presented for screening mammograms after the institution of Pink October Month celebration in the year 2022, when compared to previous years. The age of the women showed a significant association with the findings on their breast parenchyma composition. Conclusion: Increased awareness of breast cancer screening mammography during the Pink October Month Campaign is a testimony to the effect of health education on screening programmes. This may help in early detection of breast cancer and ultimately reduce associated morbidities and mortality.
Breast cancer, Cancer screening, Mammography, Pink month, Reproductive age
Effects of Comorbidities and Family History of Hypertension on Antihypertensive Treatment Adherence
Background: Treatment adherence is the sine qua non to optimal treatment outcome in managing chronic illnesses. Objective: To determine the effects of comorbidities and family history of hypertension on treatment adherence among patients receiving antihypertensive care. Methods: This study utilised a quasi-experimental design where 290 patients with hypertension responded to a questionnaire comprising 14 items of the Hill-bone Compliance High Blood Pressure Therapy Scale (Cronbach's alpha = 0.70). Results: The results showed that treatment adherence was not significantly different for individuals with a family history of hypertension (F = 0.32, p = 0.720) and those with comorbidities (F = 0.62, p>0.05). However, a significant interaction between family history and comorbidity was observed (F = 6.338, p = 0.002), as adherence appeared to be better where patients had comorbidities and knew there was a positive family history of hypertension than where patients reported the absence of a family history of hypertension. Additionally, older adults showed significantly better adherence than younger adults (F = 3.38, p = 0.035), but no significant gender difference in treatment adherence was found (t = 0.78, p = 0.217). Conclusion: The combined effects of comorbidities and family history of hypertension improved adherence to antihypertensive treatment. Information about comorbidities and family history can help patients develop a proper understanding and health beliefs to enhance treatment adherence.
Antihypertensive treatment, Comorbidities, Family history, Hypertension, Treatment adherence
Spectrum of Paediatric Thyroid Disorders at the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
Background: Thyroid disorders contribute significantly to paediatric endocrine referrals. This is unsurprising, as adequate thyroid function is important for children's optimal physical and neurocognitive development. Identifying the spectrum of thyroid disorders and the most common ones is important for planning and defining health policies. Objectives: To describe the spectrum and clinical features of paediatric thyroid disorders at the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital. Methods: A retrospective review of medical records of children aged 0 to 17 years referred for thyroid disorders between March 2017 and October 2023 was carried out. Information extracted from the records included age, gender, weight, height, diagnosis, and clinical features for analysis. Results: A total of 44,324 and 505 (15%) children were seen at the Paediatric Outpatient and Endocrinology Clinics, respectively, during the study period. Seventy-six (15.0%) of the 505 children were diagnosed with thyroid disorders. The male-to-female ratio was 0.8:1, and 22 (28.9%) of the children evaluated were infants. Congenital hypothyroidism and Graves’ disease were recorded in 28 (36.8%) and 15 (19.7%) of the cases, respectively. Eleven (39.3%) of the children with congenital hypothyroidism had features of Down syndrome. Conclusion: The incidence of thyroid disorders in the paediatric general outpatient clinic was 1.7 per 1000 new cases, and 15% of paediatric endocrine cases had thyroid disorders. Thyroid disorders were twice as likely to affect females, and one-third of our patients were referred to the clinic before their first birthday. Congenital hypothyroidism and Graves’ disease were the leading types of thyroid disorders recorded.
Congenital hypothyroidism, Down syndrome, Endocrine disorders, Graves’ disease, Thyroid gland
Effect of In-Utero Cannabinoid Exposure on Foetal Growth and Placental Efficiency
Background: Cannabis sativa. L. contains over 550 components, including cannabinoids like tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), which affect the endocannabinoid system and influence human neurodevelopment and physiological functions. Although it has therapeutic potential, cannabis use during pregnancy can disrupt foetal development, especially in the brain and placenta. Objective: To examine the prenatal exposure to THC and CBD on foetal growth and placental health using a Wistar rat model. Methods: A total of 24 female rats were divided into four groups; each received orally 150mg/kg/day of THC, CBD, or a combination (CBD and THC) at 150 mg/kg/day. The control received only water and feed. The early-phase administration of cannabinoids occurred from day 6 to 19. Results: There were substantial reductions in foetal weight. The mean weight was 3.78g in the control group. The THC-exposed group showed a 36% reduction (2.41g), the CBD-exposed group had a 41% reduction (2.22g), and the combined THC/CBD group had a decrease of 3.51g. Significant alterations in placental morphological architecture were observed. The THC and CBD exposure groups exhibited pronounced structural distortions and increased trophoblast degeneration, respectively, whereas the combined exposure showed milder placental changes. The foetal-to-placental weight ratio was significantly reduced in all cannabis-exposed groups. Conclusion: This study shows prenatal THC and CBD harm foetal growth and placental health. THC caused the most severe effects of reduced foetal weight and placental changes. Therefore, public health initiatives should be intensified to alert pregnant women regarding the risks of using cannabis.
Cannabinoids, Foetal growth, Placental health, Prenatal exposure, Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
Adiposity, Proinflammatory Indices, Apolipoproteins and Antioxidants’ Activities in Relation to the Severity of Hypertension
Background: Hypertension is an important risk for several chronic illnesses, notably heart failure, stroke, chronic renal disease and others. In these chronic disease conditions, promising biochemical parameters could be of immense diagnostic value. Objectives: To investigate adiposity indices, lipid Profile, apolipoproteins, proinflammatory markers and antioxidant status among subgroups of hypertensive patients. Methods: The study involved 150 participants aged 18-65 years, consisting of 50 normotensives as control subjects and 100 hypertensive individuals as the test group. The blood pressures (BP) of the participants were measured. Their body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio were calculated. Serum lipid profile, serum levels of apolipoprotein-A, apolipoprotein-B, glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 were also measured. Results: There was a significant increase (p<0.001) in adiposity measures, Apo-B (p<0.001), IL-6 (p<0.001), hs-CRP levels (p<0.001), and dyslipidaemia among hypertensive patients. Apo A (p<0.001), glutathione (p<0.001) and SOD (p<0.001) showed significantly lower levels in the test group. A strong positive correlation was observed between BP and anthropometric profiles (BMI, WC; r = 0.754; p =0.001), serum lipids (TC, triglycerides; r = 0.417; p = 0.01), Apo-B (r = 0.726; p = 0.01) and proinflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-6; r = 0.845; p = 0.01). Also, a strong negative but significant correlation existed between BP and antioxidants (GSH, SOD; r = -0.632; p = 0.01), and Apo-A (r = -0.838; p = 0.01). Conclusion: The study showed that adiposity indices, serum lipid parameters, serum apolipoproteins, proinflammatory markers and antioxidants could serve as diagnostic tools for complications of hypertension.
Anthropometry, Antioxidants, Dyslipidaemia, Hypertension, Serum lipid profile, Proinflammatory markers
Prevalence and Factors Associated with the Use of Self-Prescribed Orthodox and Herbal Medications Among Pregnant Women in Remo Zone of Ogun State, Nigeria
Background: The indiscriminate use of medicines in pregnancy is a public health concern because of the possibility of adverse consequences for both the mother and the developing foetus. Objective: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with the use of self-prescribed orthodox and herbal medicines among pregnant women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in three public health facilities (secondary and tertiary) in Remo Zone, Ogun State, Nigeria, from 1 April 2023 to 30 June 2023. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 262 antenatal clinic attendees. Interviewer-assisted questionnaires were used for data collection. Results: Overall, 75 pregnant women (28.6%) used self-prescribed medicines. Thirty-nine pregnant women (14.9%) used self-prescribed orthodox medication, 43 (16.4%) used herbal medicines, and seven women (2.7%) used both. Analgesics (17; 43.6%) were the most commonly used orthodox drugs. Pregnant women who engaged in pre-pregnancy alcohol use were 4.7 times more likely to take self-prescribed orthodox medicines (AOR = 4.7, C.I = 1.5-14.5; p = 0.008). Pregnant women with high-status occupations were 80% less likely to take herbal medication (AOR = 0.2, C.I.= 0.1-0.6; p = 0.003). Similarly, pregnant women with tertiary education were 70% less likely to take herbal medicines (AOR = 0.3, C.I.= 0.1-0.6; p = 0.001). Conclusion: The use of self-prescribed medicines is prevalent among women attending antenatal clinics in public health facilities in Remo zone Ogun State, Nigeria, with more women engaging in the use of herbal than orthodox medicines.
Antenatal care, Alcohol, Herbal medicine, Orthodox care, Pregnancy, Self-prescription
The Effects of Some Medicinal Plants from Southwest Nigeria on Serum Lipids Profile of Adult Male Wistar Rats
Background: The global increase in the prevalence of hyperlipidaemia have become a worldwide health concern. Many herbal remedies have been studied and found to be effective for the treatment of increase in lipids in traditional medicine. Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of some medicinal plants on the serum lipid profile of male Wistar rats. Methods: Sixty-five adult male Wistar rats (7-10 weeks old) were distributed into three groups: control (five rats), test (thirty rats), and recovery (thirty rats). The aqueous leaf extract of Jatropha curcas, Phyllantus amarus, Rauvolfia vomitoria, Mormodica charantia, Moringa oleifera, and Vernonia amygdala was administered individually at a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight for 21 days. The control group was given normal food and water, the test group (n = 30) received 0.3 mL (150 mg/kg body weight) of the aqueous leaf extract orally for 21 consecutive days and were euthanized immediately after the treatment period. Recovery Group (n = 30) received the same dose and duration of extract administration (21 days) as the test group but were allowed a 21-day recovery period without further treatment before euthanasia. Results: Oral administration of aqueous leaf extract at the dose of 0.3 ml (150 mg/kg body weight) caused a significant decrease (p<0.05) in high-density lipoprotein levels (HDL) in Wistar rats when compared to control while there was an increase (p>0.05) in low-density lipoprotein levels (LDL) and total cholesterol (TC) in the test and recovery group when compared with the control group. Conclusions: Aqueous leaves extract from various medicinal plants caused a significant increase in low-density protein levels which can raise the risk for morbidities such as heart disease and stroke in humans.
Profile and Metabolic Risks for Non-Communicable Diseases Among Policemen in Northern Nigeria
Background: The burden of non-communicable diseases is rapidly increasing globally, especially in middle and low-income countries, including Nigeria, causing significant health, social, and economic consequences. The officers and men of the Nigeria Police Force are at risk of non-communicable diseases because of the stressful nature of their jobs, coupled with the increasing rise in insecurity in Northern Nigeria. Objectives: To determine the risk factors for non-communicable diseases among the men and women of the Nigerian Police Force. Methods: The study used a cross-sectional design. A modification of the World Health Organisation (WHO) STEPS methodology for non-communicable diseases was adopted; an interviewer-administered questionnaire was used along with anthropometric, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and fasting lipid profile measurements. The study was conducted in Sokoto, Northwest Nigeria, from November 2021 through September 2022. Results: The response rate in this study was 83.8%, and the sample consisted of 299 (92.0%) males and 26 (8.0%) females. The ages ranged from 20 to 60 years, with a mean age of 38.47±9.5 years. The prevalence of metabolic risk factors—hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia, and overweight/obesity — was 34.4%, 8.5%, 50.0%, and 21.1%, respectively. While hypertension and overweight/obesity showed a direct positive relationship with age, diabetes and hypercholesterolaemia showed no significant relationship with age. Conclusions: The prevalence of metabolic risk factors for non-communicable diseases among police force personnel in Northern Nigeria is high. This calls for health promotional interventions such as providing and enforcing periodic medical examinations.
Diabetes mellitus, Hypercholesterolaemia, Hypertension, Non-communicable diseases, Obesity
Sedentary Time, Menstrual Cycle Characteristics, and Pain Intensity Among Female Undergraduates with Primary Dysmenorrhea
Background: Primary Dysmenorrhea (PD) and its associated menstrual cycle characteristics affect the quality of life and social activities of women and it is also reported to be worsened by sedentary behaviour. Objective: To examine the relationship between sedentary time (ST), menstrual cycle characteristics, and pain intensity among female undergraduates in a Nigerian university with PD. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 388 female undergraduates. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) Long Form sitting item, a self-developed questionnaire, and the Numerical Pain Rating Scale were used to collect information on ST, menstrual cycle characteristics, and pain intensity during menstruation, respectively. Results: The mean pain intensity of respondents during menstruation was 6.13±2.23 while the average weekday and weekend day ST was 4.5±1.03 hours and 7.75±1.83 hours. Significant correlation was found between pain intensity and menarche (r = -0.11, p = 0.04), perceived volume of menstrual flow (r = -0.18, p = 0.001) and duration of pain (p = 0.32, p = 0.001). Multiple regression analysis revealed that early menarche (β = -0.14, p = 0.02), heavy menstrual flow (β = 0.55, p = 0.03), and with pain duration lasting for more than 24 hours (β = -1.36, p = 0.001) are more likely to experience increased intensity of pain. Conclusion: Menarche, perceived volume of menstrual flow and duration of pain are significant contributing factors to the pain intensity among females with PD.
Exercise, Menarche, Menstrual pain, Menstrual flow, Physical inactivity, Female undergraduates
Knowledge and Perception Towards Surgical and Assisted Vaginal Deliveries Among Nigerian Women
Background: Surgical interventions directly correlate with maternal and newborn health outcomes when medically indicated as emergency measures during childbirth. Many women in developing countries consider unaided vaginal deliveries as the only culturally acceptable method of childbirth and any other intervention is inappropriate. Objectives: To assess pregnant women’s knowledge and perception of surgical and assisted vaginal delivery in southwest Nigeria. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of two hundred and twenty women who attended the antenatal and immunisation clinics of Babcock University Teaching Hospital (BUTH). Semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to elicit data. Knowledge and perception were graded as good and poor. Results: The mean age of the participants was 31.9±6.6 years. About three-fifths (62.7%) of the participants had good knowledge of caesarean section and assisted delivery. Another three-fifths (59.1%) of the respondents also perceived caesarean and assisted delivery well. Age and marital status were statistically significantly associated with knowledge (p = 0.006 and 0.034, respectively). Conclusions: Most of the participants had good knowledge and a good perception of caesarean section and assisted vaginal delivery. The implications of the findings of this study will include policies and programmes that will further consolidate this propensity.
Assisted Vaginal Delivery, Caesarean section, Intrapartum care, Maternal mortality, Surgical delivery