Annals of Health Research (The Journal of the Medical and Dental Consultants Association of Nigeria, OOUTH, Sagamu, Nigeria)
A peer-reviewed open access journal of medical sciences to disseminate research works and ideas in the fields of clinical and laboratory medicine and public health with the ultimate goals of enhancing knowledge, improving practice and encouraging practice-centred research. It is indexed by SCOPUS, African Index Medicus and the African Journals Online. It is also registered with the Crossref, Committee for Publication Ethics (COPE) and the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). This journal is published under the Creative Commons License Attribution Non-Commercial CC-BY NC. This license lets others remix, tweak and build upon our works non-commercially and although, their new works must also acknowledge us and be non-commercial, they do not have to license their derivative works on the same terms.
Medical and Dental Consultants' Association of Nigeria, OOU Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Nigeria
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A 15-Year Review of Retinoblastoma at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Background: Retinoblastoma (RB) is a rare and highly aggressive eye cancer in children. Late diagnosis of the disease usually results in a very low disease-free survival rate in the developing world. Objectives: To review the prevalence, pattern, and treatment outcomes of retinoblastoma in a Nigerian tertiary centre. Methods: This was a retrospective study of the clinical records of all new patients aged 16 years and below with a clinical diagnosis of retinoblastoma at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, between January 2008 and December 2022. The sociodemographic and clinical data of children with the disease were obtained from the clinical records, and the data were analysed. Results: The hospital prevalence of retinoblastoma was 0.15%. The male-to-female ratio was 1.2:1, with a mean age of 3.4 years. Unilateral disease accounted for 74.4% of cases, and extraocular manifestations accounted for 71.8% of the cases studied. The most common and earliest presenting symptom was leukocoria. One-third of the cases did not receive any treatment for retinoblastoma. The majority of the children (69.2%) were lost to follow-up, and only two (5.1%) were alive. Conclusion: The prevalence of retinoblastoma at this hospital was low, but most cases were unilateral and presented as extraocular disease. Although the disease is potentially curable, the treatment outcome remains poor in this setting due to late presentation at the hospital.
Childhood cancer, Embryonal tumour, Leukocoria, Retinoblastoma, Clinical outcome
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Abuse and Its Relationship with Quality of Life Among the Elderly in a Nigerian Community Setting
Background: Elder abuse, encompassing physical, emotional, financial, and neglectful acts, is a growing global public health concern with profound implications for older adults' well-being. Its prevalence is rising, particularly in community settings. Despite its impact, research on elder abuse and its consequences remains limited in Africa, highlighting the need for more focused investigation and culturally relevant interventions. Objective: To determine the prevalence and types of abuse among community-living elderly in Ogun East Senatorial District and examine the relationship between abuse and Quality of Life (QoL) in the elderly. Methods: The study employed a cross-sectional design involving 402 elderly participants, using a structured questionnaire and the WHOQOL-AGE tool to evaluate QoL (scores range from 13 to 65, with values <39 indicating poor QoL and >40 indicating good QoL). Results: Nearly all respondents (96.8%) experienced at least one type of abuse, with financial/material (61.4%) abuse being the most common. Always verbal abuse (p = 0.037) and often physical abuse (p = 0.012) showed strong associations with poor QoL. About two-thirds (62.2%) of participants had poor QoL. Conclusion: This study revealed that abuse was highly prevalent among the elderly in the setting that was studied, especially financial abuse, which was significantly linked to poor quality of life. This highlights the need for targeted interventions such as integration of routine screening for elder abuse into healthcare and community services to ensure early detection and timely intervention. Legal frameworks and enforcement mechanisms should also be strengthened to deter perpetrators and safeguard the rights of the elderly.
Community-dwelling elderly, Elder abuse, Nigeria, Quality of life, Self-esteem, Verbal abuse
Patients’ Satisfaction with the Quality of Medical Laboratory Services in a Nigerian Private Tertiary Health Facility
Background: Hospital laboratory services are indispensable for disease detection, diagnostic confirmation, and therapeutic decision-making. Lack of national policy and strategy, poor access to laboratory services, unhygienic laboratory environment, long waiting time, poor patient-provider communication, non-availability of requested tests, poor attitude of laboratory staff, and lack of properly designed laboratories are factors that affect patients' satisfaction with laboratory services. There is limited data on patients' satisfaction with medical laboratory services in Ogun State and Nigeria at large. Objective: To assess patients’ satisfaction with the quality of medical laboratory services and associated factors in a private tertiary health facility in Ogun State, Nigerian. Methods: The study was carried out at Babcock University Teaching Hospital in Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria. The study was descriptive and cross-sectional in design. The study population was adult patients accessing medical services at the Babcock University Teaching Hospital laboratory. Patients' satisfaction with medical laboratory services was assessed using the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ-18). Results: The highest mean satisfaction score was recorded for technical quality (4.07 ± 0.46), followed by overall satisfaction (3.99 ± 0.40), while the lowest mean scores were observed for both communication (3.69 ± 0.83) and accessibility of care (3.69 ± 0.44), respectively. General satisfaction was significantly associated with waiting time (p<0.01) and cost of laboratory services (p = 0.046), while satisfaction with finance was significantly associated with age (p = 0.021), education (p = 0.04), occupation (p = 0.005), and cost of laboratory services (p = 0.022). Conclusion: Hospital management should make efforts to improve the accessibility of laboratory services and the communication skills of laboratory staff.
Client satisfaction, Health System Research, Hospital Waiting Time, Laboratory services, Quality of Care
Clinical Staff Responsiveness to Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Basic Life Support Practices in the Winneba Municipal Hospital, Ghana
Background: CPR is essential for survival after a Sudden Cardiac Arrest. However, many health workers in Ghana are still not adequately trained or equipped. This gap frequently contributes to delayed or absence of CPR interventions, which in turn contributes to mortality. Objective: To assess clinical staff responsiveness to CPR and Basic Life Support Practices in the Winneba Municipal Hospital, Ghana. Methods: The study employed a cross-sectional design and utilised a sequential explanatory mixed-methods strategy. It involved surveying all eligible in-patient clinical staff quantitatively, while intentionally selecting five unit heads for deeper qualitative data collection. Results: The study revealed that 87.2% of clinical staff had recently participated in CPR and 82.1% had taken an active role, but only 3.9% held valid BLS certification. CPR outcomes were poor, with an 88.5% fatality rate. Only 10% of professionals demonstrated proficiency in defibrillation. Multivariate analysis confirmed that formal BLS training (OR = 1.448, p = 0.016) and hands-on practice (OR = 1.104, p = 0.038) significantly enhanced the likelihood of an effective CPR response. In contrast, unit assignment (OR = 0.342, p = 0.003) reduced the likelihood of success. Conclusions: While clinical staff may show strong commitment to CPR and possess strong hands-only CPR skills, only a few hold formal BLS certification, and significant gaps remain in equipment use, particularly with defibrillators. Formal training and frequent practice may significantly improve outcomes, but disparities in unit placement, limited equipment, and lack of advanced training contribute to high CPR mortality.
Basic Life Support, Cardiac arrest, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Defibrillators, Emergency Cardiac Care
Editorial: Ending nuclear weapons, before they end us
Undetectable Glycated Haemoglobin Associated with Asymptomatic Sickle Cell Disease: A Case Report
Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) testing is indicated for the screening and therapeutic monitoring of diabetes mellitus (DM). A 42-year-old woman was found to have undetectable glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) with the Cobas C311® analyser during screening for diabetes mellitus. The fasting plasma glucose was normal. Haemoglobin (Hb) phenotyping by automated cellulose acetate electrophoresis revealed HbSC disease. The diagnosis of HbSC was confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis. The presence of haemoglobinopathies can affect the results of HbA1c assays. In populations with a high prevalence of haemoglobinopathies, abnormally low or discordant HbA1c results should raise a suspicion of the presence of haemoglobinopathies. Alternative assay methodologies or biomarkers may be required for proper clinical management in such cases.
Diabetes mellitus, Glycated haemoglobin, Haemoglobinopathy, Sickle Cell Disease
Restorative Effects of Aqueous Vernonia amygdalina Leaf Extract on Sperm Parameters and Testicular Integrity in Metronidazole-Induced Infertility in Male Rats
Background: Vernonia amygdalina (VA) is a potent medicinal treatment of regulating endocrine disruptors, such as metronidazole (MTZ), a drug used for the slightest bowel dysfunction. Prolonged metronidazole use alters hormonal balance, affecting reproductive hormones. Objectives: To examine the ameliorative effect of aqueous leaf extract of VA on the pituitary-gonadal axis, testicular antioxidant levels, and male reproductive organs of metronidazole-induced infertility in male Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty-five male Wistar rats weighing 160g on average in five groups (n = 7 each) were given 500 mg/kg body weight of metronidazole for 14 days and 300 mg/kg body weight of aqueous leaf extract of VA treatment for another 14 days. Group A (Control group), Group B (Metronidazole only), Group C (Metronidazole + aqueous seed extract of VA), Group D (Metronidazole Recovery), and Group E (Metronidazole + aqueous seed extract of VA + Recovery) were used for the experiment. Results: Administration of VA treatment increased plasma Luteinising Hormone (LH) and testosterone levels, but FSH levels did not differ. These led to significant increases in sperm count, motility, and viability across VA-treated rats. The tissue antioxidant assay of the testes showed statistically significant increases in the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH) across study groups, while malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased. Improved cellular integrity was also deduced in the testicular photomicrograph of VA-treated rats. The histological analysis also revealed improved pituitary and testicular cells that had been previously damaged by metronidazole following VA treatment. Conclusions: The aqueous leaf extract of VA showed restorative and anti-inflammatory effects. It also mitigates oxidative stress. Treatment with VA improved sperm parameters and testicular structural analysis, suggesting a regenerative influence on male reproductive health.
Metronidazole, Pituitary-gonadal axis, Testicular antioxidants, Testosterone, Vernonia amygdalina
Plastic Bottle Cap Bezoar in an Adult Extracted Via Laparoscopic Gastrostomy: A Case Report
Gastric bezoar is a rare encounter in surgical practice. Extraction after diagnosis is needed to prevent complications such of bleeding, obstruction, or perforation. Endoscopy has taken centre stage in the retrieval of objects from the stomach. Laparoscopic extraction of gastric bezoars presents a better option over open surgery, where facilities for endoscopic extraction are lacking. We present the management of a 64-year-old Nigerian man who was diagnosed during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for his epigastric pain. The plastic bottle cap was extracted from his stomach via laparoscopic anterior gastrotomy and primary closure. He had a good postoperative outcome and has been followed up for six months without any adverse sequelae. Compared with open surgery, this report presents a less traumatic and viable approach for the extraction of a gastric bezoar. It can be a valuable option for surgeons practising in developing countries where facilities for advanced gastrointestinal endoscopy are scarce.
The Effect of Thymoquinone on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal- Gonadal Axis in Metronidazole-Induced Infertility in Adult Male Wistar Rats
Background: Hypothalamus centrally modulates fertility by controlling the reproductive hormonal axis. Objectives: To investigate the effect of thymoquinone on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in metronidazole-induced infertility in adult male Wistar rats. Methods: Forty-nine male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups: group A (Control), Group B (Metronidazole only), Group C (Metronidazole + Thymoquinone low dose), Group D (Metronidazole + Thymoquinone high dose), Group E (Metronidazole + Recovery), Group F (Metronidazole + Thymoquinone low dose + Recovery), and Group G (Metronidazole + Thymoquinone high dose + Recovery). Experimental animals received 500 mg/kg of metronidazole, 200 mg/kg of thymoquinone, and 400 mg/kg of thymoquinone. Hormonal levels (GnRH, FSH, LH, testosterone) and sperm parameters were assessed after specific treatment durations using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and standard sperm analysis techniques. Results: Metronidazole significantly decreased reproductive hormones: GnRH (71.11 ± 0.78 pg/mL), FSH (24.12 ± 0.60 mIU/mL), LH (4.87 ± 0.75 mIU/mL), and testosterone (2.13 ± 0.54 ng/mL) compared to controls (GnRH: 94.44 ± 0.19, FSH: 36.41 ± 1.90, LH: 14.93 ± 0.05, testosterone: 6.84 ± 0.13). Thymoquinone administration notably restored hormone levels: Group C (GnRH: 99.50 ± 0.29, FSH: 38.32 ± 0.90, LH: 35.97 ± 0.54, testosterone: 6.99 ± 0.53) and Group D (GnRH: 95.50 ± 0.17, FSH: 40.18 ± 0.63, LH: 31.43 ± 1.10, testosterone: 6.89 ± 0.42). Sperm parameters improved significantly in treated groups, with viability at 75.00 ± 0.04%, count at 205.00 ± 0.87 million/mL, motility at 77.00 ± 0.40%, and morphology at 80.00 ± 0.19%. Histological analysis revealed regeneration of testicular tissues. Conclusion: Thymoquinone effectively ameliorates metronidazole-induced infertility by restoring the HPG axis function, enhancing hormone levels, and improving sperm parameters.
Comparative Study of Modifiable Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer Among Female In-School Adolescents in Osun State
Background: Adolescents make up about one-fourth of Nigeria's population, and most are engaged in risky sexual activities that have serious health consequences later in life. Understanding the risk factors for the development of cervical cancer is essential for promoting health-related behaviours. Therefore, it is a public health priority as cervical cancer presents a significant public health challenge in Nigeria. Objectives: To assess and compare awareness and knowledge of modifiable risk factors (MRF) of cervical cancer among in-school female adolescents in secondary schools in both rural and urban areas of Osun State. Method: A comparative, cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 adolescents in rural and urban areas (200 per group) of Osun State, Nigeria, who were recruited using the multistage sampling technique. Quantitative data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: Most respondents from both rural and urban areas had not heard of human papillomavirus (77%), cervical cancer (67%), and MRF for cervical cancer (64.5%). However, awareness of these topics was slightly higher among urban dwellers compared to rural dwellers. Additionally, most respondents from both metropolitan areas (114, 57.0%) and rural areas (132, 66.0%) had poor knowledge, with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.04). Conclusion: This study revealed that residence in rural and urban locations significantly influenced awareness and knowledge about the human papillomavirus, cervical cancer, and related MRF. Culturally appropriate communication programs and targeted educational interventions for cervical cancer are therefore recommended.
Adolescence, Cervical cancer, Secondary school, Human Papillomavirus, Risky behaviour
Pattern and Determinants of Utilisation of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Among Pregnant Primary Healthcare Centre Attendees in Sagamu, Nigeria
Background: Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) remains a popular choice among pregnant women in many communities despite the widespread practice of conventional orthodox medicine. Objective: To assess the patterns and determinants of complementary and alternative medicine usage among pregnant women in selected primary healthcare centres in Sagamu, Nigeria. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional design was employed, utilising an interviewer-administered questionnaire to collect data from 130 pregnant women from two primary healthcare centres. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 27.6±5.6 years. All the respondents (100.0%) utilised CAM therapies for their health and foetal development. Common CAM practices included natural supplements (88.5%), prayers (86.2%), and herbal medicine (83.8%). Cultural and religious beliefs (50%), affordability (50%), spiritual protection (53.8%), and accessibility (57.7%) were identified as the key determinants of CAM usage. There was a positive association between these determinants (affordability, accessibility, positive effect in previous pregnancies, and advice from family and friends) and CAM usage (t-value >1.96). Conclusion: The findings highlight the widespread use of CAM among pregnant women in Sagamu despite the availability of conventional orthodox healthcare. To ensure safe and effective maternal and child health practices, interventions are needed to address the determinants which encourage the use of CAM in pregnancy.
Antenatal Clinic, Alternative medicine, Complementary medicine, Primary healthcare
Determinants of Anaemia in Pregnancy in Indonesia: A Systematic Review
Background: Anaemia is a significant global health issue impacting pregnant women, potentially leading to adverse birth outcomes. To mitigate maternal and infant mortality complications, it is crucial to investigate the determinants contributing to maternal anaemia systematically. Objectives: To identify the primary determinants of maternal anaemia in Indonesia. Methods: A systematic review was conducted to examine the determinants of maternal anaemia in Indonesia, focusing on articles published between 01 January 2014 and 31 December 2023. Research databases, including Medline/PubMed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, and additional manual searches, were used. Articles were selected using MeSH terms and relevant keywords, targeting a population of pregnant women within analytical observational studies. Results: A total of 22 articles met the inclusion criteria. Bivariate and/or multivariate analyses identified 29 statistically significant variables (p < 0.05) associated with maternal anaemia. There were five major determinants significantly related to maternal anaemia in Indonesia. Conclusion: The educational level of pregnant women, Body mass index (BMI) or nutritional status of pregnant women, parity, chronic energy deficiency (CED) status, and maternal age were the main determinants of maternal anaemia in Indonesia.
Anaemia, BMI, Maternal age, Nutritional status, Pregnancy, Systematic review
Uniportal Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgical Resection of Intrathoracic Goiter: The First Report in Nigeria
A goitre is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland which may be amenable to surgical removal. Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) is a minimal access surgery which can be used for thyroidectomy with the advantage of less morbidities compared to thoracotomy or sternotomy. Depending on the number of ports used, VATS can be 4-ports, 3-ports, 2-ports or uniportal. Uniportal VATS has been reported to cause less pain and ensure quicker recovery. We report a 43-year-old woman with chronic productive cough, who was diagnosed with an intrathoracic euthyroid goitre. She had thyroidectomy using the VATS approach with good postoperative outcome. VATS has been practiced in Nigeria for several years but has not been reported to be used for an intrathoracic goitre removal. This report is to highlight the feasibility and safety of surgical excision of intrathoracic goitre via the Uniportal VATS approach in a resource-limited setting.
Marzouk procedure, Minimal Access Surgery, Thyroidectomy, Thyroid gland disease, Thoracotomy
Perception and Awareness of the Scourge of Glaucoma in Southwest Nigeria
Background: Glaucoma is a major public health problem, responsible for 8% of global blindness and the commonest cause of irreversible blindness. Increasing public knowledge of glaucoma would help reduce late diagnosis and blindness. Objective: To assess public understanding of glaucoma and its consequences. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive survey using an electronic semi-structured questionnaire was conducted in two states of Southwest Nigeria. Results: Four hundred and twenty-three [423] respondents participated in this study. The age range was 18-66 years, with a mean age of 38.7±9.6 years, and 46.1% of the participants were males. Out of the respondents, 360 (85.1%) had heard of glaucoma before the survey, but only 231 (54.6%) could provide accurate definitions of it. One hundred and forty-three (33.8%) knew that glaucoma can cause blindness, whereas only 32 (22.4%) knew that it can result in irreversible blindness. General healthcare workers (22%), social media, television, radio, and internet (19.9%), family members (17%), and eye care workers (14.8%) were identified as the primary sources of glaucoma awareness. Conclusion: This study revealed a limited understanding of glaucoma, despite high awareness. It emphasises the need for eye care workers to provide targeted public education on the condition.
Awareness, Blindness, Glaucoma, Nigeria, Optic nerve, Visual impairment
Sexual and Reproductive Health Practices of In–School Adolescents in an Urban Community in Southwest Nigeria
Background: Adolescents in developing countries such as Nigeria are confronted with numerous reproductive health issues; however, their expertise and reproductive health practices continue to be inadequate. Therefore, it is crucial to conduct a contextual analysis of the factors affecting the sexual and reproductive health practices of Nigerian adolescents. Objective: To assess adolescents’ sexual and reproductive health knowledge and practices in Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. Methods: The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional design among 400 adolescents selected using a multi-stage sampling method. Data were collected using a pre-tested semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 16.0 ± 1.5 years. In this study, 40.2% of the participants have good knowledge of sexual and reproductive health. Respondents with safe reproductive health practices were 91.8%. Factors associated with good, safe reproductive health practices were age group (p = 0.024), gender (p < 0.001), ethnicity (p = 0.029), and overall scoring of knowledge about reproductive health issues (p < 0.001). The predictors of safe reproductive practices were respondents’ gender (OR = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.090- 0.577) and knowledge on reproductive issues (OR = 0.16, 95% CI = 1.047-0.556) Conclusion: Two-fifths of respondents have good knowledge of sexual and reproductive health. Factors identified as influencing respondents' good sexual and reproductive health practices include gender and level of knowledge. Policy makers urgently need to focus on activities that enhance understanding of sexual and reproductive issues, followed by promoting safe reproductive health practices, particularly among men.
Adolescence, Reproductive health, Sexual behaviour, Sexually Transmitted Infections, Unsafe sex
Strategies to Reduce the Burden of Visual Impairment and Blindness Secondary to Ocular Trauma in Nigeria
Ocular trauma is a cause of visual impairment and blindness worldwide. The epidemiological patterns of ocular trauma in Nigeria differ from those of developed countries, despite some similarities. However, literature talks about 90% of ocular trauma cases being preventable; hence, it is essential to develop strategies for eye injury prevention. This study aimed to highlight approaches to reduce the incidence of visual impairment and blindness due to ocular trauma in Nigeria. This is an explanatory review article. The importance of improving surveillance systems, advocacy, health promotion, legislative and stakeholder meetings, well-equipped tertiary eye care hospitals, and the training and retraining of eye care workers in public health interventions to prevent blindness due to ocular trauma in Nigeria is underscored.
Eye Injury, Banditry, Ocular trauma, Public Health Intervention, Road Traffic Injuries, Nigeria
Perceived Roles of Spouse Involvement and Maternal Gravidity in Enhancing Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness in Selected Communities of Lagos State, Nigeria
Background: Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness (BPCR) involves proactive planning for childbirth, including transportation, skilled attendance, financial savings, and identifying blood donors. In low-resource settings like Nigeria, husbands’ involvement is essential as they often influence healthcare decisions. Additionally, maternal gravidity affects preparedness; multigravida women are generally more experienced, while primigravidae may be less informed. Understanding the combined effects of spousal involvement and gravidity is critical for improving maternal outcomes. Objective: To assess pregnant women's perceptions of spouse's involvement and the influence of gravidity on BPCR in Ijanikin and Oto-Awori communities, Lagos State, Nigeria Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was adopted. Using multi-stage sampling, 216 pregnant women were recruited. Data were collected using a validated self-structured questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha = 0.891 for demographics and 0.794 for BPCR-related items) and analysed using SPSS v21. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation were applied at a 0.05 significance level. Results: Among respondents, 65.3% reported spousal support for skilled delivery; 69.9% indicated no financial planning by husbands. While 62.0% stated their husbands recognised danger signs, 64.8% had transport plans. Most participants (63.9%) were multigravida and demonstrated better BPCR awareness. A significant positive correlation existed between spouse involvement and BPCR (r = .153, p = .025), and a negative correlation between low gravidity and BPCR (r = -.148, p = .030). Conclusion: Spousal involvement and maternal gravidity significantly affect BPCR. Strengthening male participation and enhancing education for primigravida women may improve maternal health outcomes in similar low-resource contexts.
Birth preparedness, Complication readiness, Maternal mortality, Obstetric emergencies, Spousal involvement
Improving the Care Outcomes of Traumatic Enucleation with Ocular Prosthetics: A Case Report
Traumatic enucleation is a rare consequence of high-impact trauma. It is a severe injury leading to permanent loss of vision. One of the most common causes of traumatic globe enucleation is automobile accidents. This damage may severely affect the patient's physical and mental health. Apart from the permanent loss of vision in the affected eye with traumatic enucleation, some complications, including pseudoptosis, orbital infection, haemorrhages, and scarring can occur. Psychological problems like stigma, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder may also complicate traumatic enucleation. Following enucleation, the use of prosthetics may minimize the psychological implications of the structural loss. This case report aims to highlight the potential occurrence of traumatic enucleation following road traffic accidents, as well as the management of such cases, including the use of eye implants.
Artificial Eye Implant, Ocular Injury, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Road Traffic Accident, Traumatic Enucleation
Relationship Between Serum Magnesium Levels in Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria
Background: In pregnancy, Magnesium is essential in the formation of new tissues (maternal and foetal), and hyomagnesaemia has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Objectives: To determine the relationship between magnesium levels and pregnancy outcomes among pregnant women attending the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital. Methods: It is a hospital-based, cross-sectional study. The study population was divided into two groups based on the serum magnesium levels (normal and low). Serum magnesium levels were recorded at recruitment and delivery. Maternal outcomes were compared between the two study groups and correlated with serum magnesium levels. Results: A total of 126 pregnant women were recruited (out of the 256 pregnant women screened); each arm of the study consisted of 63 participants. Ten participants were lost to follow-up. The mean serum magnesium level for the normomagnesaemic and hypomagnesaemic groups at recruitment was 1.18±0.09mmol/L and 0.40±0.14mmol/L, respectively. The prevalence of hypomagnesaemia was higher at delivery than in pregnancy. Hypomagnesaemia occurred more frequently among women of a higher social class (p = 0.049). Women with hypomagnesaemia were three times more likely to have preterm birth, pre-eclampsia, and postpartum cramps with significant levels of association (p = 0.041, 0.014, 0.001). Age and hypomagnesaemia were predictors of pre-eclampsia (p = 0.041 and 0.028). Conclusion: Hypomagnesaemia is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as pre-eclampsia, preterm labour/delivery and postpartum uterine cramps. Interventional studies to prove the efficacy or otherwise of dietary counselling or routine magnesium supplementation in pregnancy involving these high-risk groups should also be undertaken.
Hypomagnesaemia, Pre-eclampsia, Preterm birth, Pregnancy, Maternal outcomes
An Audit of Turnaround Time in Histopathology: A Comparative Study of Two Years in a Teaching Health Facility
Background: Pathology laboratory turnaround time (TAT) is an important quality indicator of laboratory performance. Delay in the issuance of reports contributes to prolonged patients' treatment-waiting time, decreases satisfaction, and increases patient morbidity and the cost of treatment. Aim: To evaluate the TAT in the Histopathology Unit of the Department of Morbid Anatomy and Histopathology of a Nigerian teaching hospital and compare the findings with those of similar studies elsewhere. Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive study of all the consecutive surgical samples received in the Department of Morbid Anatomy and Histopathology of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Nigeria, in the years 2016 and 2021. In determining the TAT, specimen handling as a process was divided into four stages: grossing time, tissue processing time, reporting time, and transcription time. Results: The mean TAT for 2016 and 2021 were 15.23±10.05 days and 18.10±9.61 days, respectively. In 2016 and 2021, respectively, 57.0% and 43.6% of cases were grossed, processed with slides reported, and results typed, corrected, and signed within 14 days. There was no significant linear relationship between TAT for 2016 and 2021(r = 0.018 and p = 0.685). Conclusion: The tasks of grossing specimens, reporting slides and verification of results were major contributors to TAT, with tissue processing also playing a significant role. These findings underscore the importance of proper funding and implementation of a quality management system to optimise workflow in histopathology.
Audit, Grossing, Laboratory specimen, Laboratory reporting, Tissue processing, Transcription, Turnaround Time
Evaluation of Some Thrombogenic Parameters Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Sagamu, Nigeria
Background: Metabolic dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is related to defective glucose metabolism, deficient synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides, and compensatory switch to the use of protein and fat in search of alternative metabolic fuel. Complications arising from this metabolic disorder include angiopathy, among others. Objective: To examine the pattern of some thrombogenic parameters in Type 2 Diabetes mellitus. Method: A comparative, cross-sectional study of non-obese, obese Type 2 diabetic patients as the test population and a subset of healthy, non-diabetic individuals as controls. Anthropometric parameters were measured, and body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and percentage body fat (%BF) were computed for tests and controls. Fasting serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and interleukine-6 (IL-6) were measured, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was calculated for all participants. Result: A total of 150 participants, with an age range of 41-60 years. Significantly higher values of (p<0.001) weight, BMI, WC, HC, %BF, WHR, serum glucose, HbA1c, leptin, triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL, hs-CRP and IL-6 levels were observed. A significantly lesser value of serum A1AT, adiponectin, and HDL levels amongst the people with diabetes when compared to the control subjects (p<0.001), more in obese individuals with diabetes (p<0.001). Conclusion: It is evident from this study that T2DM is associated with dyslipidaemia and increased serum levels of inflammatory and thrombosis markers, suggesting that risk factors of thrombotic events exist in Type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients.
α1-Antitrypsin, Adiponectin, Inflammatory markers, Thrombosis, Type 2 Diabetes mellitus
A Cross-Sectional Study of Ergonomic Risk Factors Among Computer-Using University Employees
Background: Today, millions of computer users around the globe have musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), highlighting the significant rise in office employees experiencing these conditions and the urgent need for intervention. Objective: To investigate the ergonomic risk factors and their relationship with musculoskeletal disorders among computer-using administrative staff in a Nigerian University. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 142 administrative staff of Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria, was conducted. Data on respondents' general characteristics were gathered through a self-developed questionnaire. Data on MSDs were derived from the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ), while ergonomic data were collected using the Rapid Office Strain Assessment (ROSA) method. Results: The highest prevalence rates of MSDs were in the neck (51.4%) and lower back (42.3%) regions. The mean ROSA score at workstations for the chair section was 5.01±1.35, the monitor and telephone section was 2.54±1.05, and the mouse and keyboard section was 2.73±0.84. The mean final ROSA score was 5.06±1.32, indicating that most of the employees were at high risk of musculoskeletal complaints. The chair section was identified as the most significant factor raising the risk level. There was a significant positive and moderate correlation between ROSA final score and MSDs at the neck (r = 0.469) and low back (r = 0.309). Conclusion: MSDs are prevalent among computer-using office workers, and there is a significant relationship between MSDs and workstation ergonomics. The parameters associated with the chair section should receive priority attention to reduce and eliminate MSDs among university administrative staff who use computers.
Anatomical body region, Musculoskeletal disorders, Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, Rapid Office Strain Assessment
Prevalence and Sociodemographic Predictors of Occupational Stress Among Healthcare Workers at the Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, Nigeria
Background: The prevalence of stress is generally high, affecting a significant number of healthcare professionals. Minimal work-related stress is required for effective healthcare services in a hospital setting. Objective: To determine the prevalence and sociodemographic predictors of stress among healthcare workers in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, Nigeria. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional research design was used to select a sample of healthcare professionals who met the inclusion criteria. A stratified random sampling technique was used to select samples of 260 doctors and nurses. Result: The finding showed a Stress prevalence rate of 66%, and the linear regression analysis revealed a statistically significant association between stress and age (P-value=0.007), profession (P-value= 0.005), and year of working experience (P-value= 0.029). However, no statistically significant association was found with gender (P-value=0.54). Conclusion: Prevalence of stress is high and is considered a threat to the health and well-being of humans in modern days. Based on the assessment, there is an association between age, profession, and years of working experience with stress. Healthcare professionals should have training opportunities on stress management at work. Health administrators should provide wellness programs for healthcare workers in order to reduce stress in the workplace.
Intra-Procedure Adverse Events and Cardiovascular Changes During Ear Syringing
Background: Ear syringing is a common and relatively safe procedure in ENT practice. Vertigo, vomiting, and discomfort have been reported, but no study has deliberately documented the changes in cardiovascular parameters. Objective: To assess the frequency of adverse events and changes in cardiovascular parameters during ear syringing. Methods: This was an observational study of consecutive participants aged ≥ 18 years who underwent ear syringing at the Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) Clinic of Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, between April and October 2023. Patients with a history of ear discharge or surgeries and those on cardiac pacemakers were excluded. Questionnaires were administered, and pre-and post-procedure vital signs were recorded. Results: Fifty-seven participants with a male-to-female ratio of 1.19:1 completed this study. Unilateral ear syringing was done in 37 (64.9%) patients. The changes between pre-procedure baseline body temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure and the post-procedure values of the same parameters were all significantly different but remained within clinically normal limits. The baseline pulse rate and SpO2 were not influenced by the presence of pre-existing hypertension and the laterality of syringing. There was no significantly elevated baseline respiratory rate in patients who had bilateral ear syringing compared to those with unilateral procedure. However, the changes between pre-procedure body temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure and post-procedure values were not influenced by the laterality of the procedure or pre-existing hypertension. Conclusion: Ear syringing may be associated with minimal changes in cardiovascular parameters, which are not clinically significant.
A Cross-Sectional Study of the Effect of Pregnancy on the Foot Arch Index of Women
Background: Pregnancy induces some changes in the musculoskeletal system. Few studies have investigated these changes, especially their effects on foot structures. Objective: To examine the effect of pregnancy on women's foot arch index and determine the relationship between the foot arch index (FAI), Body Mass Index, and the gestational age of pregnant women. Methods: A cross-sectional examination of a sample of 118 pregnant, 101 nulliparous, and 101 non-pregnant women (who had been previously pregnant) was conducted. Footprints were obtained using the Ink and Plain Paper method, and foot arch indices were obtained from their footprints. Results: The study revealed a statistically significant difference (p <0.001) in FAI between pregnant and non-pregnant women, with pregnant women exhibiting a higher average FAI. A positive linear correlation (r = 0.354, p < 0.001) was observed between BMI and FAI in pregnant women, indicating that higher BMI was associated with an increased FAI. Also, a statistically significant relationship between gestational age and FAI was observed among pregnant women (r = 0.231, p = 0.012). Altered FAI resulting from pregnancy persisted post-pregnancy. Age and weight were predictors of flat feet during pregnancy, whereas gestational age was not associated with the odds of flat feet. Conclusion: Pregnancy induces significant changes in the foot arch. These changes persist beyond the pregnancy period. It is essential to monitor and address foot arch alterations during and after pregnancy, thus emphasising the need for appropriate interventions to mitigate potential discomfort and functional limitations in pregnant women and beyond.
Biomechanics, Flat Foot, Foot Arch Index, Foot Health, Pregnancy
Academic Achievements of In-School Adolescents with Anxiety in Ilesa, Southwest, Nigeria
Background: Anxiety is one of the most common mental illnesses in adolescents that can interfere with cognition and performance. Objectives: To determine the relationship between anxiety and academic achievement among in-school adolescents. Methods: Three hundred and two adolescents aged 10-19 years were recruited from twelve secondary schools in Ilesa, Nigeria. The adolescents completed the Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) to screen them for anxiety. The continuous assessment (CA) grades were obtained for the 20222/2023 session from school records, and academic performance questionnaires were also used to evaluate their academic performance. Results: None of the 84 non-anxious adolescents achieved a score of 80-100% on the APQ, while approximately a quarter (25.25%) of the 218 anxious adolescents scored between 80-100%. All 84 anxious adolescents scored between 0% and 79%, while about three-quarters (74.8%) of the 218 adolescents without anxiety scored between 0% and 79%. The Academic achievement of the adolescents with anxiety was significantly different from those without anxiety (Χ2=61.972, p=0.001). None of the 84 adolescents with anxiety had good CA scores, while about a quarter (25.2%) of the 218 adolescents without anxiety had good CA scores. The CA score of adolescents with anxiety was statistically significantly different compared with non-anxious adolescents (Χ2=26.016, p=0.001). Conclusion: Secondary school adolescents with anxiety had poor academic achievement in the setting studied. Parents, school authorities, and the relevant government agencies should pay more attention to strategising and improving their performance in schools.
Academic achievements, Academic Performance Questionnaire, Adolescents, Anxiety, GAD-7.
Quality of Life and Mental Illnesses among the Elderly in Ogun East Senatorial District, Nigeria
Background: In Nigeria, about a quarter of the population is afflicted with mental illnesses, and 3.26% of this population is made up of old people aged 65 years and above. The economic burden affiliated with mental illness includes health care costs, decreased productivity, and diminishing health-related quality of life (QoL). However, there is a paucity of data on mental illness and its relation to the QoL experienced by the elderly. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of good and poor QoL and assess the relationship between mental illnesses and the QoL among the elderly in Ogun East Senatorial district. Methods: This study was a community-based, cross-sectional survey targeting elderly individuals. A total of 402 participants were selected through multistage sampling and interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. Results: The prevalence of mental illness among the respondents was 35.8%. Among the mental health conditions, generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) was the most common finding (15.4%), followed closely by current alcohol dependence (14.9%). One hundred and fifty-two (37.8%) of the elderly had good QoL. The mental illnesses found to be statistically significant in association with poor QoL were current major depressive episodes, recurrent major depressive episodes, and current psychotic disorders. Conclusion: This research highlights a significant prevalence of mental illness at 35.8% and poor quality of life at 37.8%. Additionally, major depressive episodes and psychotic disorders were notably linked to poor quality of life, emphasizing the need for targeted mental health interventions among the elderly emphasizing the need for targeted mental health interventions among the elderly.
Alcohol dependence, Anxiety, Depression, Elderly, Mental Illnesses, Quality of Life
Childhood Cataract in a Suburban Tertiary Institution in Southwest Nigeria
Background: Childhood cataracts, now replacing corneal diseases in Africa, including Nigeria, are a major cause of childhood blindness. Objectives: To describe the pattern of presentation of childhood cataracts at the Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital (OOUTH), a tertiary hospital in a suburban city in Southwest Nigeria Methods: In a retrospective study, the case notes of all patients aged under 18 years presenting to the Eye Clinic of OOUTH over five years were retrieved and analysed. Results: Of the 7311 paediatric eye cases seen during the study period, thirty-five (35) were childhood cataracts, giving a prevalence of 0.5%. Their mean age was 9.88±4.59years. The most common presenting complaint was poor vision, seen in 14 (40%) of participants. Traumatic cataracts accounted for 20 (57.1%), while only 11 (31.4%) took up treatment. Conclusion: Traumatic cataract is the most common childhood cataract presenting to our centre, and there is poor surgical uptake, with more than three-quarters lost to follow-up. Regular eye screening of children, intensive health education, and promotion of subsidised eye treatment for children by all tiers of government will go a long way in improving early detection and uptake of treatment.
Childhood blindness, Childhood cataract, Congenital cataract, Traumatic cataract
Spontaneous Papillary Muscle Rupture Coexisting with Chronic Mitral Regurgitation – A Case Report
Given the low prevalence of coronary artery disease in the young, spontaneous papillary muscle rupture is an uncommon cause of severe mitral regurgitation and emergency admission in this age group. Spontaneous papillary muscle rupture is usually associated with features of acute mitral regurgitation. We highlight an incidental finding of a ruptured papillary muscle in a young adult with features of chronic mitral regurgitation. A 20-year-old male presented with a history of worsening symptoms of heart failure. Examination showed features of congestion, such as bilateral pedal oedema and tender hepatomegaly. The precordial examination revealed a displaced apex beat, gallop rhythm, and an apical pansystolic murmur. Transthoracic echocardiography showed thickened mitral valve leaflets, diastolic doming of the anterior mitral valve, ruptured papillary muscle with anterior mitral valve prolapse, restrictive mitral inflow pattern, severe mitral regurgitation, mild tricuspid regurgitation, and dilated cardiac chambers. At surgery, dilated cardiac chambers, avulsed anterolateral papillary muscle, and a prolapsed anterior mitral valve leaflet were seen. He had mitral valve replacement with a 31/33 ON-X mechanical mitral valve and left atrial ligation. He has since been on follow-up care. This case highlights that in rare cases, rheumatic heart disease can present with spontaneous papillary muscle rupture on a background chronic mitral regurgitation.
Chronic Mitral regurgitation, Congestive Cardiac Failure, Rheumatic Heart Disease, Spontaneous Papillary Muscle Rupture, Valve replacement surgery